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Pr\u0103znuit\u0103 cu mare fast la 50 de zile dup\u0103 Pa\u015fti, Rusaliile marcheaz\u0103 calendarul popular timp de mai multe zile. Cu r\u0103d\u0103cini \u00een mitologia roman\u0103, unde apare ca o zi \u00een care se aduceau ofrande florale sufletelor celor pleca\u0163i, aceast\u0103 \u201es\u0103rb\u0103toare a rozelor\u201d se transform\u0103\u00a0radical\u00a0sub\u00a0influen\u021bacultului solar geto-dac, fiind identificat\u0103 mai t\u00e2rziu cu s\u0103rb\u0103toarea cre\u0219tin\u0103\u00a0post-pascal\u0103\u00a0a Rusaliilor.\u00a0 Duminica Rusaliilor, numit\u0103 popular DuminicaMare, este s\u0103rb\u0103toarea Pogor\u00e2rii Sf\u00e2ntului Duh peste\u00a0Sfin\u021bii\u00a0Apostoli. Considerat\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103rb\u0103toarea \u00eentemeierii bisericii cre\u015ftine, cade \u00eentotdeauna la 10 zile dup\u0103 \u00cen\u0103l\u021bare \u0219i la 50 de zile dup\u0103 Pa\u015fti.<\/strong>\u00a0Cu toate acestea, \u00een<\/strong>\u00a0aproape\u00a0toate zonele etnografice de la noi, sunt\u00a0\u00eenc\u0103 vii\u00a0nenum\u0103rate practici magice precre\u0219tine,\u00a0precum\u00a0\u201egoana Rusaliilor\u201d,\u00a0\u201e\u00eenstru\u021batul boului\u201d,\u00a0\u201eudatul nevestelor\u201d\u00a0sau\u00a0\u201edansul c\u0103lu\u0219ului\u201d,\u00a0relicte ale unui str\u0103vechi cult\u00a0solsti\u021bial.<\/strong><\/p>\n Rusalcele\/Ielele\/D\u00e2nsele<\/strong><\/p>\n Chiar dac\u0103 pentru \u021b\u0103ranul rom\u00e2n biserica are o importan\u021b\u0103 cov\u00e2r\u0219itoare, r\u00e2nduindu-i at\u00e2t via\u021ba c\u00e2t \u0219i universul interior, \u00een imaginarul popular Rusalcelecontinu\u0103 s\u0103 apar\u0103 drept z\u00e2ne, asem\u0103n\u0103toare\u00a0Ielelor, care \u201ezboar\u0103 prin aer \u00een ziua de Rusalii\u201d.\u00a0Vindicative \u0219i nemiloase,\u00a0sunt \u00eenarmate cu tot felul de unelte t\u0103ioase cu care-i pedepsesc pe cei care muncesc \u00een zilele lor.\u00a0(\u201eAst\u0103zi sunt g\u00e2rbovite de b\u0103tr\u00e2ne, dar tot fecioare sunt. Ele c\u00e2nt\u0103 \u015fi joac\u0103 \u00een anumite zile ale anului, pe la r\u0103sp\u00e2ntii. \u00cen aceste zile oamenii se feresc a lucra, c\u0103ci z\u00e2nele \u00eei vor schilodi.\u201d Tudor\u00a0Pamfile).\u00a0Legenda spune c\u0103\u00a0Rusaliile\/Rusalcele\u00a0sunt fiicele lui Rusalim \u00cemp\u0103rat, moarte fecioare. Dup\u0103 ce\u00a0\u00ee\u0219i\u00a0p\u0103r\u0103sesc mormintele \u00een Joia Mare \u015fi petrec Pa\u015ftile cu cei vii,\u00a0ele\u00a0nu\u00a0mai\u00a0vor s\u0103 se \u00eentoarc\u0103 \u00een lumea lor.Pentru a le \u00eembuna \u0219i a le face s\u0103 plece,\u00a0oamenii le aduc ofrande \u0219i le \u00eempart pomeni \u00een ajunul s\u0103rb\u0103torilor patronate de ele: Todorusele, Duminica Rusaliilor, prima zi din postul Sf\u00e2ntului Petru.<\/p>\n Dezl\u0103n\u021buirea spiritelor nefaste ale Rusaliilor, biruite doar prin dansul apotropaic al c\u0103lu\u0219arilor, atinge cote maxime \u00een aceast\u0103 perioad\u0103, \u00eentocmai ca la \u00eenceputul iernii, c\u00e2nd lumea e b\u00e2ntuit\u0103 de strigoi \u0219i doar cetele de colind\u0103tori o mai pot salva. Pentru a se ap\u0103ra de aceste spirite r\u0103t\u0103citoare, oamenii \u00ee\u0219i \u00eempodobesc casele cu ramuri verzi de tei \u0219i frunze de nuc, poart\u0103 \u00een s\u00e2n pelin \u0219i usturoi, fac pomeni \u0219i slujbe de pomenire pentru sufletul mor\u0163ilor. \u00cen\u00a0calendarul\u00a0popular, zilele ce urmeaz\u0103 stau sub semnul Rusalcelor, al acestor z\u00e2ne capricioase, c\u0103rora oamenii nu le rostesc numele pentru a nu le invoca. Le spun D\u00e2nsele, Ielele,Z\u00e2nele, Sfintele, \u015eoimanele,\u00a0M\u0103iestrele, Frumoasele, Domni\u0163ele, Mu\u015fatele, Fetele C\u00e2mpului sau \u00cemp\u0103r\u0103tesele V\u0103zduhului \u0219i polinomia poate continua la nesf\u00e2r\u0219it.<\/p>\n Luni sunt\u00a0\u201eZilele C\u0103lu\u0219ului\u201d\u00a0sau\u00a0\u201eTroi\u021ba\u201d, urmat\u0103 de\u00a0\u201eMar\u021bea\u00a0M\u00e2nioas\u0103\u201d\u00a0sau\u00a0\u201eTretunul\u201d,\u00a0c\u00e2nd\u00a0se spune c\u0103 oamenii trebuie s\u0103 ajung\u0103 acas\u0103 \u00eenaintea cirezilor,pentru c\u0103\u00a0vacile vin la\u00a0amiaz\u0103 cu Rusaliile\u00a0\u00een coarne\u00a0\u0219i ar fi mare pericol s\u0103 le \u00eent\u00e2lneasc\u0103.\u00a0\u201eMiercurea B\u0103l\u021batelor\u201d face pereche bun\u0103 cu ziua de vineri, tot a\u201eB\u0103l\u021batelor\u201d,\u00a0iar am\u00e2ndou\u0103\u00a0se \u021bin\u00a0tot de frica\u00a0lor.\u00a0\u00centre ele e \u201eJoia M\u00e2nioas\u0103\u201d, numit\u0103 \u0219i \u201eBuciumul Rusaliilor\u201d, zi \u00een care se spune c\u0103\u00a0Rusaliile\u00a0\u00ee\u0219i \u201ebucium\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u0219itul ispr\u0103vilor lor\u201d. Urmeaz\u0103 \u201eS\u00e2mb\u0103ta Pietrii\u201d, \u201eRusitorii\u201d sau \u201eRusitoarele\u201d, c\u00e2nd se crede c\u0103 se \u00eentorc mor\u021bii \u00een morminte \u0219i se \u00eempart pomeni pentru sufletul lor, \u00eenainte de r\u0103s\u0103ritul soarelui.<\/p>\n Descrise fie ca ni\u0219te fete tinere, frumoase \u0219i provocatoare care iau min\u021bile oamenilor, fie ca ni\u0219te babe ur\u00e2te \u0219i nemiloase care se r\u0103zbun\u0103 pe muritori \u00een cele mai \u00eengrozitoare moduri, Rusaliile\/Rusalcele sunt invocate \u0219i alungate prin desc\u00e2ntece la fel de diferite precum paradoxalele lor \u00eenf\u0103\u021bi\u0219\u0103ri. C\u00e2nd sunt chemate, sunt rugate s\u0103 vin\u0103 cu cele mai alese cuvinte: \u201eVoi Z\u00e2nelor bune,\/ M\u0103iestre, Frumoase,\/ Puternice, Miloase, \/ Vitezelor, Iubitelor,\/ v\u0103 rog fierbinte\/ cu dulci cuvinte\/ s\u0103-l ajuta\u021bi pe<\/em>\u00a0Ion\/ s\u0103 fie s\u0103n\u0103tos,\/ \u0219i de voi dr\u0103g\u0103stos\/ \u0219i tot ce face\/ s\u0103 nu fie de prisos,\/ s\u0103-l l\u0103sa\u021bi curat,\/ ca voi luminat\/ \u0219i binecuv\u00e2ntat<\/em>\u201d. \u00cen schimb, \u00een desc\u00e2ntecul de exorcizare, apelativele se schimb\u0103 \u00eentr-un mod radical: \u201eNemilostivelor,\/ Relelor,\/ Apucatelor,\/ Z\u0103natecelor,\/ B\u0103tr\u00e2nelor,\/ Ur\u00e2telor,\/ R\u0103\u015fchiratelor,\/ \u0162\u00e2fnoaselor,\/ Sc\u00e2rboaselor,\/<\/em>\u00a0ce v-a f\u0103cut\/\u00a0de nu v-a pl\u0103cut?\/ De ce l-a\u0163i pocit \u015fi nenorocit?\/ pe omul iubit?\/\u00a0<\/em>(\u2026)\u00a0Da\u0163i-i \u00eenapoi,\/ tot ce i-a\u0163i luat,\/ glasul,\/ b\u0103rb\u0103\u0163ia\/ \u015fi m\u00e2ndria,\/ c-am s\u0103 v\u0103 bat,\/ cu vergeaua de alun \u00eenodurat,\/ \u00een p\u0103dure,\/ \u00een c\u00e2mp \u00eenflorit\/ \u015fi-am s\u0103 v\u0103 toc,\/ cu melitorul,\/ cu toporul,\/ cu securea,\/ p\u00e2n\u0103 a\u0163i pieri,\/ \u015fi z\u00e2ne n-a\u0163i mai fi.\/ Firea\u0163i voi s\u0103 fi\u0163i,\/ de fete b\u0103tr\u00e2ne,\/ ur\u00e2te \u015fi sp\u00e2ne,\/ de z\u00e2ne spurcate,\/ de babe-n\u0163\u0103rcate,\/ de destr\u0103b\u0103late<\/em>\u201d. (Romulus Vulc\u0103nescu \u2013Mitologie rom\u00e2n\u0103).<\/p>\n Se crede c\u0103 numai vr\u0103jitoarele cunosc adev\u0103ratele nume ale z\u00e2nelor. Totu\u0219i, etnologii \u201eau identificat\u201d patru dintre ele (consemnate \u0219i de Romulus Vulc\u0103nescu): Doina, Hora, Avr\u0103measa \u015fi Cre\u015ftineasa. \u201eDoina este o zei\u0163\u0103 melancolic\u0103, ce locuie\u015fte mai mult printre mun\u0163i \u015fi v\u0103i \u015fi are darul s\u0103 \u00eenmoaie pietrele \u015fi s\u0103 mi\u015fte copacii din loc cu vocea ei dulce. Conceput\u0103 eminamente ca z\u00e2n\u0103 a c\u00e2ntecului liric, (\u2026) Doina \u00eendepline\u015fte o func\u0163iune cathartic\u0103. Cea de a doua \u015foiman\u0103, \u201eHora\u201d, este o z\u00e2n\u0103 a dansului magico-mitic al Soarelui. Ea exprim\u0103 sentimentul profund de adorare a sf\u00e2ntului Soare (\u2026) \u201eAvr\u0103measa\u201d \u015fi \u201eCre\u015ftineasa\u201d, de\u015fi considerate a fi dou\u0103 \u201eeroine cere\u015fti de lumin\u0103\u201d, sunt de fapt dou\u0103 z\u00e2ne cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi magico-mitice \u015fi \u00eensu\u015firi magico-medicale. Sunt totodat\u0103 \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015fate ca z\u00e2ne ale desc\u00e2ntecului c\u00e2ntat \u015fi ale sacrificiului\u201d. \u0218i pentru c\u0103 ultimele dou\u0103 z\u00e2ne poart\u0103 numele unor plante de leac, s\u0103 nu uit\u0103m c\u0103 de s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2na viitoare putem culege plante t\u0103m\u0103duitoare, ceea se p\u00e2n\u0103 acum era strict interzis, deoarece se credea c\u0103 acestea erau \u201epi\u0219cate de Rusalii\u201d, deci f\u0103r\u0103 nicio proprietate magic\u0103 sau de vindecare.<\/p>\n C\u0103lu\u0219arii \u2013 dansatorii no\u0219tri exorci\u0219ti<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201e\u00cen numele lui Dumnezeu, Sf\u00e2ntu\u021bul, ne leg\u0103m jur\u00e2nd \u00een credin\u021b\u0103 c\u0103tre steag, c\u0103 vom juca \u00een dreptate, f\u0103r\u0103 sup\u0103rare \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 murmur\u201d. E vremea C\u0103lu\u0219ului, cel mai spectaculos, complex, arhaic \u015fi misterios obicei ritual de la noi. C\u0103lu\u0219ul atinge apogeul \u00een aceste zile, pentru a fi \u201edezlegat\u201d \u00een cea de-a doua s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 Rusalii, c\u00e2nd are loc moartea \u015fi \u00eengroparea steagului. Dup\u0103 intrarea ini\u021biatic\u0103 \u00een ceat\u0103, C\u0103lu\u0219arii devin personaje sacre, fiind obliga\u0163i s\u0103 respecte o perioad\u0103 impus\u0103 de castitate, s\u0103 p\u0103streze secretul, s\u0103 poarte un costum specific, cu straie \u021b\u0103r\u0103ne\u0219ti albe, decorate cu br\u00e2u, bete \u0219i panglici ro\u0219ii. Fiecare c\u0103lu\u0219ar are la el frunze de alun \u0219i de nuc, foi de pelin \u0219i usturoi precum \u0219i o b\u00e2t\u0103, semn al ini\u0163ierii feciorilor \u00een vechime, dar \u015fi posibil\u0103 arm\u0103 \u00eempotriva duhurilor rele sau reprezentare simbolic\u0103 a razelor soarelui.<\/p>\n Cetele dansatorilor-exorci\u0219ti, \u00eenzestra\u021bi dup\u0103 jur\u0103m\u00e2nt cu energii psiho-fizice oculte, au \u00eentotdeauna un num\u0103r impar de C\u0103lu\u015fari. \u00cen unele locuri apare \u0219i un personaj numit Mutul. Toate cetele sunt conduse, la fel ca cele de colind\u0103tori, de un V\u0103taf. Acesta are obliga\u021bia s\u0103 supravegheze corectitudinea jocului, s\u0103 men\u021bin\u0103 o stare permanent\u0103 de vigilen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i tain\u0103, s\u0103 diagnosticheze spiritul \u0219i gravitatea bolii, \u00een func\u0163ie de semnele date de bolnav \u00een timpul dansului ritual. Cele mai multe pove\u015fti sunt despre cei atin\u015fi de puterea Rusaliilor, z\u00e2ne nemiloase care iau min\u0163ile \u0219i vlaga oamenilor. Nefiind o boal\u0103 propriu-zis\u0103, ci mai degrab\u0103 o trans\u0103 hipnotic\u0103, aceasta nu poate fi vindecat\u0103 dec\u00e2t prin puterea magica a dansului C\u0103lu\u015farilor. Actul care aduce vindecarea este \u201edobor\u00e2rea din c\u0103lu\u0219\u201d. V\u0103taful atinge cu steagul \u00eempodobit cu o leg\u0103tur\u0103 de usturoi, una de pelin \u015fi un \u0219nur ro\u015fu, pe unul dintre C\u0103lu\u015fari. Acesta, c\u0103z\u00e2nd la p\u0103m\u00e2nt, preia simbolic suferin\u021ba bolnavului.<\/p>\n \u00cen perioada func\u021bion\u0103rii cetei, C\u0103lu\u0219arii vie\u021buiesc \u00eempreun\u0103, cutreier\u0103 satele pentru a-i t\u0103m\u0103dui pe cei bolnavi, gr\u0103besc m\u0103riti\u0219ul fetelor, lu\u00e2ndu-le \u00een hora lor, joac\u0103 pruncii \u00een bra\u0163e ca s\u0103 creasc\u0103 mari \u015fi s\u0103n\u0103to\u0219i, dorm sub strea\u0219ina bisericilor pentru a se proteja de duhurile Rusaliilor\u2026 Iar dac\u0103 se \u00eent\u00e2lnesc dou\u0103 cete de C\u0103lu\u0219ari \u00een vreo cruce de drum, se \u201edueleaz\u0103\u201d juc\u00e2nd C\u0103lu\u0219ul p\u00e2n\u0103 la epuizare. Este o spectaculoas\u0103 dezl\u0103n\u021buire de energie, unde arderea, zv\u00e2cnirea de flac\u0103r\u0103 \u0219i jocul armelor ne duc cu g\u00e2ndul la un str\u0103vechi dans solar, cu implica\u0163ii rituale, ludice, medicale \u015fi r\u0103zboinice, \u00een care b\u0103rba\u0163ii purtau toiege-mastoide ce semnificau razele soarelui, transformate mai t\u00e2rziu \u00een mastoide de cai solari. Autor Iulia Gorneanu<\/p>\n surs\u0103: miscareaderezistenta.ro<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n