{"id":1019544,"date":"2021-02-19T06:17:44","date_gmt":"2021-02-19T03:17:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/?p=1019544"},"modified":"2021-02-19T06:17:44","modified_gmt":"2021-02-19T03:17:44","slug":"robert-gerwarth-si-cronica-invinsilor-saptamanalul-de-radauti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/?p=1019544","title":{"rendered":"Robert Gerwarth \u0219i cronica \u201e\u00eenvin\u0219ilor\u201d &#8211; Saptamanalul de Radauti"},"content":{"rendered":"<section class=\"tcb-post-content tcb-shortcode thrv_wrapper\" data-css=\"tve-u-16f89b682a9\">\n<p>A descris Europa anilor 1920 aidoma unei colec\u021bii de teritorii nepacificate, traversate de solda\u021bii din Freikorps \u0219i de al\u021bi \u201einsurgen\u021bi\u201d \u00een c\u0103utare de \u201ep\u0103m\u00e2nt, glorie \u0219i aventur\u0103\u201d, terorizate de \u201eexigen\u021bele bol\u0219evice\u201d privitoare la \u201epace\u201d, \u201epreluarea fabricilor de c\u0103tre lucr\u0103tori\u201d \u0219i \u201edemocratizarea armatei\u201d, supraimpresionate de inten\u021biile corifeilor noilor regimuri politice de a crea \u201ealian\u021be competitive\u201d cu combatan\u021bi din Marele R\u0103zboi \u0219i, desigur, b\u00e2ntuite de subcultura ac\u021biunii cu orice pre\u021b, de fapt a ac\u021biunii \u00een stare s\u0103-\u0219i subordoneze numaidec\u00e2t ideologiile. A evocat realit\u0103\u021bile contradictorii ale continentului schimonosit \u00een anii f\u0103r\u00e2ma\u021bi de obuze \u0219i \u00eempacheta\u021bi \u00een gaze otr\u0103vitoare, pe de o parte \u201ediploma\u021bia de conferin\u021b\u0103\u201d, dirijat\u0103 de francezi \u0219i mult apreciat\u0103 de notabilii, dar \u0219i de poporenii din Europa Central\u0103 \u0219i de Sud-Est, iar pe de alt\u0103 parte \u201erevizionismele\u201d celor trecu\u021bi \u00een categoria pierz\u0103torilor oficiali, altfel spus a celor socoti\u021bi \u0219i \u00eenfr\u00e2n\u021bi, \u0219i culpabili la modul absolut, \u0219i buni de plat\u0103 \u00een conformitate cu articolele 231 \u0219i 232 din Tratatul de la Versailles. \u00a0A prezentat am\u0103nun\u021bit actele \u0219i faptele care au pl\u0103m\u0103dit revolu\u021bii \u0219i contrarevolu\u021bii, unific\u0103ri \u0219i segreg\u0103ri, alian\u021be \u0219i adversit\u0103\u021bi, emancip\u0103ri \u0219i domina\u021bii sau, \u00eentr-o frazare neconven\u021bional\u0103, repertoriul unor rivalit\u0103\u021bi colosale care \u201eau \u00eempiedicat R\u0103zboiul s\u0103 se sf\u00e2r\u0219easc\u0103\u201d, \u00een pofida dezarticul\u0103rii a patru imperii \u0219i inten\u021biilor de configurare a ordinii interna\u021bionale \u00een registrul ronflant al noilor institu\u021bii suprastatale. \u00a0A ar\u0103tat c\u0103, \u00een perioada comentat\u0103, realit\u0103\u021bile economice i-au cople\u0219it deopotriv\u0103 pe \u201ec\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103tori\u201d \u0219i \u201eperdan\u021bi\u201d, c\u0103 \u201epacea cartaginez\u0103\u201d impus\u0103 Germaniei a \u0219ubrezit \u00een special prestigiul pacificatorilor (a se vedea \u0219i cele scrise de \u201eexpertul John Maynard Keynes \u00een \u201eConsecin\u021bele economice ale p\u0103cii\u201d), c\u0103 inclusiv \u021b\u0103rile mici \u0219i mijlocii s-au dep\u0103rtat de retorica statu-quo-ului odat\u0103 cu izbucnirea crizelor interne, iar democra\u021bia a fost transformat\u0103, cu concursul unor intelectuali incontestabili, capabili \u201es\u0103 urce c\u0103tre creierii Statului Nou\u201d, \u00eentr-un stadiu pe care omul viguros are menirea de a-l dep\u0103\u0219i. \u00a0A sus\u021binut c\u0103 mult invocata \u201enou\u0103 ordine\u201d a g\u0103sit calea s\u0103 se acomodeze cu marile puteri europene, presionate at\u00e2t din exterior (nevoia de a reg\u00e2ndi arhitectura colonial\u0103 a lumii, iminenta mutare a centrului de interes \u00een rela\u021biile interna\u021bionale din Atlantic \u00een Pacific, activitatea p\u0103guboas\u0103 a institu\u021biilor suprastatale nu doar \u00een chestiunile de securitate colectiv\u0103), c\u00e2t \u0219i din interior (obliga\u021bia de a asigura traiectorii de expansiune pentru reprezentan\u021bii \u201emarii finan\u021be\u201d, imposibilitatea de a pune \u00een practic\u0103 programe guvernare coerente \u00een condi\u021biile unor fric\u021biuni politice cronice, descoperirea metodelor totalitare pentru ajustarea diferitelor discordii sociale), deci purt\u0103toare de mari dezechilibre sistemice.<\/p>\n<p>\u00centre altele, \u00een \u201eCei \u00eenvin\u0219i. De ce nu s-a putut \u00eencheia Primul R\u0103zboi Mondial, 1917-1923\u201d (Bucure\u0219ti, Editura Litera, 2017, edi\u021bie originar\u0103 2016), t\u00e2n\u0103rul cercet\u0103tor Robert Gerwarth consider\u0103 c\u0103 a discuta despre \u201e\u00eenving\u0103tori\u201d \u0219i \u201e\u00eenvin\u0219i\u201d la \u00eenceputul deceniului al treilea din veacul precedent \u021bine mai degrab\u0103 de o conven\u021bie dec\u00e2t de semnifica\u021biile nealterate ale vremurilor \u00een cauz\u0103: de aceea, \u00een calific\u0103 drept \u201e\u00eenvin\u0219i\u201d pe mai to\u021bi europenii perioadei, unii vie\u021buind \u00een \u021b\u0103ri decupate grosier de pe h\u0103r\u021bile vechilor imperii, al\u021bii subzist\u00e2nd \u00een statele prietene Antantei, f\u0103r\u0103 a b\u0103nui la ce pedepse \u00eei va supune istoria, nu pu\u021bini accept\u00e2nd discursurile oamenilor politici democra\u021bi, \u201est\u0103p\u00e2ni pe situa\u021bie\u201d, cei mai mul\u021bi afi\u0219\u00e2nd entuziasme \u0219i accept\u00e2nd tacit sacrificii \u00eentru mul\u021bumirea celor mereu nemul\u021bumi\u0219i de performan\u021bele pe care le \u00eenregistreaz\u0103 \u00een calitate de \u201eproprietari de oameni\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen alt\u0103 ordine de idei, v\u0103 propun, dragi prieteni \u0219i onora\u021bi neprieteni, s\u0103 parcurge\u021bi urm\u0103toarea fr\u00e2ntur\u0103 de text care, nu-i a\u0219a ?, ia \u00een der\u00e2dere conduita dual\u0103 a celor din Antant\u0103 \u00een materie de \u201eautodeterminare\u201d (op.cit., p. 254 \u0219i urm.)<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-default\">\n<p>\u201e\u00cen perioada de dup\u0103 r\u0103zboi, singurele state omogene din punct de vedere etnic din Europa Central\u0103, de Est sau de Sud \u2013 Est erau nucleele imperiilor \u00eenvinse: Republica de la Weimer, Austria, Ungaria, Bulgaria \u0219i Republica Turc\u0103 (\u00eenfiin\u021bat\u0103 \u00een 1923). Toate aceste state aveau minorit\u0103\u021bi reduse\u00a0 (\u00een special evrei \u00een Europa Central\u0103 \u0219i r\u0103m\u0103\u0219ite ale comunit\u0103\u021bii de cre\u0219tini-ortodoc\u0219i \u00een Constantinopol) care urmau s\u0103 fie h\u0103r\u021buite sau supuse violen\u021belor \u00een urm\u0103toarele decenii, \u00eens\u0103 chestiunea minorit\u0103\u021bilor a fost mult mai important\u0103, \u00een anii 1920 \u0219i la \u00eenceputul anilor 1930, \u00een statele succesoare \u00eenving\u0103toare. Noul stat polonez, de pild\u0103, avea o popula\u021bie care \u00een propor\u021bie de 35% nu era polonez\u0103, incluz\u00e2nd minorit\u0103\u021bi semnificative de ucraineni, bieloru\u0219i, lituanieni \u0219i germani. Denumirea Regatului S\u00e2rbilor, Croa\u021bilor \u0219i Slovenilor nu reflecta faptul c\u0103 aproximativ dou\u0103 milioane de locuitori nu apar\u021bineau acestor grupuri etnice, \u00een mare parte fiind vorba despre bosniaci musulmani (9.6%), maghiari (4%), albanezi (3%) \u0219i etnici germani (14%). Cehoslovacia avea mai mul\u021bi germani (23% din popula\u021bia total\u0103) dec\u00e2t slovaci, la care se ad\u0103ugau comunit\u0103\u021bi semnificative de ruteni \u0219i maghiari. \u00cen fine, circa trei milioane de maghiari tr\u0103iau \u00een Rom\u00e2nia, un stat care \u00ee\u0219i dublase suprafa\u021ba teritorial\u0103 antebelic\u0103 prin \u00eencorporarea Transilvaniei, Basarabiei, Bucovinei \u0219i a unei mari p\u0103r\u021bi din Banat. Numeroasele minorit\u0103\u021bi etnice din aceste noi state na\u021bionale ar\u0103tau foarte clar c\u0103 \u00ab\u00a0 autodeterminarea \u00bb fusese permis\u0103 doar popoarelor considerate aliate ale Antantei, dar nu \u0219i du\u0219manilor din vremea r\u0103zboiului. Totodat\u0103, Alia\u021bii nu au fost dispu\u0219i s\u0103 ia \u00een considerare \u00ab\u00a0 autodeterminarea \u00bb pentru popoarele din afara Europei. \u00cen vreme ce na\u021bionali\u0219tii din colonii f\u0103ceau presiuni \u00een cadrul conferin\u021bei de pace, cer\u00e2nd dreptul la autonomie, Woodrow Wilson nu s-a ridicat la \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea a\u0219tept\u0103rilor acestora, nereu\u0219ind s\u0103 conteste ambi\u021biile imperiale ale Marii Britanii \u0219i ale Fran\u021bei, ale c\u0103ror imperii s-au extins \u0219i mai mult dup\u0103 1918, mai ales prin intermediul mandatelor Ligii Na\u021biunilor \u00een Orientul Mijlociu \u0219i \u00een alte regiuni. Lipsa de sus\u021binere a lui Wilson pentru autodeterminarea colonial\u0103 nu a fost o mare surpriz\u0103 pentru nimeni. \u00cen pofida discursului s\u0103u liberal pentru autodeterminare \u0219i pacte morale, pre\u0219edintele american \u2013 de altfel un intelectual universitar progresist din Virginia \u2013 sus\u021binea deschis segregarea rasial\u0103 \u00een Statele Unite, permi\u021b\u00e2nd aplicarea ei \u00een institu\u021biile federale imediat dup\u0103 \u00eenceperea mandatului sau preziden\u021bial.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>P.S. Ca s\u0103 fiu sincer nu-l apreciez \u00eentru totul pe autorul german. Nu de alta, dar \u00een cuprinsul c\u0103r\u021bii face dese referiri la \u00a0\u2026 faptele de bravur\u0103 ale armiei bulgare (Turtucaia, desigur !), cic\u0103 ne\u00eenvins\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 spre sf\u00e2r\u0219itul r\u0103zboiului, \u00eens\u0103 nu redacteaz\u0103 vreun aliniat referitor la campania victorioas\u0103 a rom\u00e2nilor din vara lui 1917. Ori, poate, nu prea \u0219tiu eu mult\u0103 istorie, iar \u2026 \u201eatacul \u00een c\u0103m\u0103\u0219i\u201d l-au dat marocanii<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<p> Source URL: https:\/\/saptamanalul.ro\/robert-gerwarth-si-cronica-invinsilor\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A descris Europa anilor 1920 aidoma unei colec\u021bii de teritorii nepacificate, traversate de solda\u021bii din Freikorps \u0219i de al\u021bi \u201einsurgen\u021bi\u201d \u00een c\u0103utare de \u201ep\u0103m\u00e2nt, glorie \u0219i aventur\u0103\u201d, terorizate de \u201eexigen\u021bele bol\u0219evice\u201d privitoare la \u201epace\u201d, \u201epreluarea fabricilor de c\u0103tre lucr\u0103tori\u201d \u0219i \u201edemocratizarea armatei\u201d, supraimpresionate de inten\u021biile corifeilor noilor regimuri politice de a crea \u201ealian\u021be competitive\u201d cu [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1019545,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[162],"class_list":["post-1019544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-romania","tag-saptamanalul-ro"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1019544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1019544"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1019544\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1019545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1019544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1019544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/analyse.optim.biz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1019544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}